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9/22/2013 2:13:00 PM

After a dozen years of discontent and failed independence plots by various groups, santo domingo's former lieutenantgovernor(Top administrator), Jos Nez de <a href=http://operate81.tumblr.com>christianlouboutinharveynichols... Cceres, declared the colony's independence as Spanish Haiti, on November 30, 1821.He requested the new state's admission to simn bolvar's republic of gran colombia, but haitian forces, led by jeanpierre boyer, invaded just nine weeks later, in february 1822.<>6]
Tanos inhabited what is now the Dominican republic since the 7th century.Christopher columbus landed on it in 1492, and it became the site of the first permanent european settlement in the americas, namely santo domingo, the country's capital and spain's first capital in the new world.After three centuries of spanish rule, with french and haitian interludes, the country became independent in 1821.The ruler, jos nez de cceres, intended that the Dominican republic be part of the nation of gran colombia, but he was quickly removed by the haitian government and"Dominican"Slave revolts.Victorious in the dominican war of in 1844, dominicans experienced mostly internal strife, and also a brief return to spanish rule, over the next 72 years.The united states occupation of 19161924, and a subsequent calm and prosperous sixyear period under horacio vsquez lajara, were followed by the dictatorship of rafael leonidas trujillo molina until 1961.Since then, the dominican republic has moved toward representative democracy, <>] and has been led by leonel fernndez for most of the time after 1996.Danilo medina, dominican republic's current president, replaced former president leonel fernndez holding 51% of the electoral vote over his opponent expresident hipolito mejia in 2012.<>1]
The dominican republic(I/dmnkn rpblk/;Spanish:Repblica dominicana <repulika>ominikana])Is a nation on the island of hispaniola, part of the greater antilles archipelago in the caribbean region.The western third of the island is occupied by the nation of haiti, making hispaniola one of two caribbean islands, along with saint martin, that are shared by two countries. Both by area and population, The dominican republicis the second largest Caribbean nation (After cuba), with 48, 445 square kilometres(18, 705sqmi)And an estimated 10 million people, one million of which in the capital city, santo domingo.<>]<>0]
In 1808, following napoleon's invasion of spain, the criollos of santo domingo revolted against french rule and, with the aid of great britain(Spain's <a href=http://www.tractionkitinguk.co.uk>christianlouboutinthighhighboots... ally)And haiti, <>4] returned santo domingo to spanish control.<>5]
The dominican <a href=http://www.greenmyoffice.co.uk>beatsbydrdresolohdheadphones... republic
In 1805, haitian troops of general henri christophe invaded santo domingo <a href=http://www.able-canopies.co.uk>michaelkorsskorpiosringtotesale... and sacked the towns of santiago de los caballeros and moca, killing most of their residents and helping to lay the foundation for two centuries of animosity between the two countries.
The tanos nearly disappeared, above all, from european infectious diseases to which they had no immunity.<>9] Other causes were abuse, suicide, the breakup of family, starvation, <>5] the encomienda system, <>0] which resembled a feudal system in Medieval Europe, <>1] war with the Spaniards, changes in lifestyle, and mixing with other peoples.Laws passed for the indians' protection(Beginning with the laws of burgos, 15121513)<>2] were never truly enforced.Some scholars believe that las casas exaggerated<>3] the indian population decline in an effort to persuade king carlos to intervene, and that encomenderos also exaggerated it, in order to receive permission to import more african slaves.<citation>needed] Moreover, censuses of the time omitted the Indians who fled into remote communities, <>4] where they often joined with runaway Africans(Cimarrones), producing Zambos.Also, mestizos who were culturally spanish were counted as spaniards, some zambos as black, and some indians as mulattos.<citation>needed]
Name and symbols <a href=http://www.greenmyoffice.co.uk>drdrebeats...
Santo domingo's population saw a spectacular increase during the 18th century, as it rose from some 6, 000 in 1737 to about 125, 000 in 1790.Approximately, this was composed of 40, <a href=http://www.tractionkitinguk.co.uk>christianlouboutinlondonstore... 000 white landowners, 25, 000 black or mulatto freedmen, and 60, 000 slaves.<>9]
After its conquest of the aztecs and incas, spain neglected its caribbean holdings.French buccaneers settled in western hispaniola, and by the 1697 treaty of ryswick, spain ceded the(Now haitian)Area to france.France created a wealthy colony saintdomingue there, with a population at the end of the <a href=http://operate81.tumblr.com>christianlouboutinladypeep... 18th century 90% enslaved and overall four times as numerous(500, 000 vs 125, 000)As the spanish area(Now dominican).<>9]
The dominican republic has the ninth largest economy in latin america and the second largest economy in the caribbean and central american region.<>2]<>3] Though long known for sugar production, the economy is now dominated by services.<>] The country's economic progress is exemplified by its advanced telecommunication system.<>4] Nevertheless, unemployment, <>] government corruption, and inconsistent electric service remain major Dominican problems.The country also has"Marked income inequality".<>] International migration affects the Dominican Republic greatly, as it receives and sends large flows of migrants.Haitian immigration and the integration of dominicans of haitian descent are major issues.<>5] A large Dominican diaspora exists, most of it in the United States.<>6] They aid national development as they send billions of dollars to their families, accounting for onetenth of the Dominican GDP.<>]<>7]
Christopher columbus arrived on hispaniola on december 5, 1492, during the first of his four voyages to america.He claimed the island for spain and named it la espaola.In 1496 bartholomew columbus, christopher's brother, built the city of santo domingo, europe's first permanent settlement in the"New world".The spaniards created a plantation economy on the island.<>8] The colony was the springboard for the further Spanish conquest of America and for decades the headquarters of Spanish power in the hemisphere.
Haitian rule
The spaniards arrived in 1492.After initially friendly relationships, the tanos resisted the conquest, led by the female chief anacaona of xaragua and her exhusband chief caonabo of maguana, as well as chiefs guacanagarx, guam, hatuey, and enriquillo.The latter's successes gained his people an autonomous enclave for a time on the island.Nevertheless, within a few years after 1492 the population of tanos had declined drastically, due to smallpox, genocide, execution<>1]<unreliable>source?] and other diseases that arrived with the Europeans, <>2] and from other causes discussed below.The last record of pure tanos in the country was from 1864.Still, tano biological heritage survived to an important extent, due to intermixing.Census records from 1514 reveal that 40% of spanish men in the colony had tano wives, <>3] and some presentday dominicans have tano ancestry.<>4]<>5] Tainos were stated to be extinct in Hispanola as a result of genocide by the Spaniards.<>6]<unreliable>source?]"By 1535, say the leading scholars on this grim topic for all practical purposes, the native population was extinct. "<>7]<unreliable>source?]Remnants of the Taino culture include their cave paintings, <>8] as well as pottery designs which are still used in the small artisan village of Higerito, Moca.<citation>needed]
As toussaint louverture had done two decades earlier, the haitians abolished slavery.They also nationalized most private property, including all the property of landowners who had left in the wake of the invasion;Much church property;As well as all property belonging to the former rulers, the spanish crown.Boyer also placed more emphasis on cash crops grown on large plantations, reformed the tax system, and allowed foreign trade.The new system was widely opposed by dominican farmers, although it produced a boom in sugar and coffee production.All levels of education collapsed;The university was shut down, as it was starved both of resources and students, with young dominican men from 16 to 25 years old being drafted into the haitian army.Boyer's occupation troops, who were largely dominicans, were unpaid, and had to"Forage and sack"From dominican civilians.Haiti imposed a"Heavy tribute"On the dominican people.<>7]:Page <a href=http://www.able-canopies.co.uk>michaelkorshandbagsoutlet... number needed many whites fled santo domingo for puerto rico and cuba(Both still under spanish rule), Venezuela, and elsewhere.In the end the economy faltered and taxation became more onerous.Rebellions occurred even by dominican freedmen, while dominicans and haitians worked together to oust boyer from power.Antihaitian movements of several kinds proindependence, prospanish, profrench, probritish, prounited states gathered force following the overthrow of boyer in 1843.<>7]:Page number needed
Although it was found out that the dominican republic overall dna admixture is multiracial with a significant amount of tano dna which is consistent with both the historical background of the nation but, being that dominicans range from full whites to full blacks to mulattoes, these genetic findings are not assigned to the whole nation's population.Therefore, it does not suggest that domincans in general have tano dna, but rather may or may not have it.
The dominican republic is the most visited destination in the caribbean.The country's yearround golf courses are among the top attractions on the island.<>4] In this mountainous land is located the Caribbean's highest mountain, Pico Duarte, as is Lake Enriquillo, the Caribbean's largest lake and lowest elevation.<>8] It has an average temperature of 26 C(78.8F)And great biological diversity.<>4] and sport <a href=http://www.able-canopies.co.uk>michaelkorsbedforddressytote... are of great importance in the Dominican culture, with Merengue and Bachata as the national dance and music, and baseball as the favorite sport.<>]
France came to own the island in 1795, when by the peace of basel spain ceded santo domingo as a consequence of the french revolutionary wars.At the time, saintdomingue's slaves, led by toussaint louverture, were in revolt against france.In 1801 they captured santo domingo, thus controlling the entire island;But in 1802 an army sent by napoleon captured toussaint louverture and sent him to france as prisoner.However, toussaint louverture's lieutenants, and yellow fever, succeeded in expelling the french again from saintdomingue, which in 1804 the rebels made independent as the republic of haiti.Eastwards, france continued to rule spanish santo domingo.
For most of its history(Up to independence)The colony was known as santo Domingo, <>9] the name of its present capital, and its patron saint, saint dominic.The residents were called"Dominicanos" (Dominicans), which is the adjective form of"Domingo", and the revolutionaries named their newly independent country"La Repblica dominicana".At present, the Dominican republic is one of two nations worldwide(Along with the central african republic)With only a demonymbased name.<>0] In the national anthem of the Dominican republic(Himno nacional)The term 'dominican' never appears.The word"Quisqueya"Is a derivative from a native tongue of the taino indians which means,"Mother of all lands. "It is often used in songs as another name for the country.The flag has a large white cross that divides it into four quarters.Two quarters are red and two are blue.Red represents the blood shed by the liberators.Blue expresses god's protection over the nation.The white cross symbolizes the struggle of the liberators to bequeath future generations a free nation.An alternate interpretation is that blue represents the ideals of progress and liberty, whereas white symbolizes peace and unity among dominicans.<>2] In the center of the cross is the Dominican coat of arms, in the same colors as the national flag.The coat of arms pictures a red, white and blue flagdraped shield with a bible, a gold cross and arrows;The shield is surrounded by an olive branch(On the left)And a palm branch(On the right).The bible is said to represent the truth and the light.The gold cross symbolizes the redemption from slavery, and the arrows symbolize the noble soldiers and their proud military.A blue ribbon above the shield reads,"Dios, patria, libertad" (Meaning"God, fatherland, liberty").A red ribbon under the shield reads,"Repblica dominicana" (Meaning"Dominican republic").Out of all the flags in the world, the depiction of a bible is unique to the dominican flag.Ad 650.They engaged in farming and fishing, <>6] and hunting and gathering.<>5] The fierce Caribs drove the Tanos to the northeastern Caribbean during much of the 15th century.<>7] The estimates of Hispaniola's population in 1492 vary widely, including one hundred thousand, <>8] three hundred thousand, <>5] and four hundred thousand to two million.<>9] Determining precisely how many people lived on the island in preColumbian times is next to impossible, as no accurate records exist.<>0] By 1492 the island was divided into five Tano chiefdoms.<citation>needed]

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